Description

• PM4Sand3D is a generalized version of the plane-strain PM4Sand2D model developed by Marie-Pierre Kippen, Ross W. Boulanger, and Katerina Ziotopoulou. Learn more on the PM4Sand homepage.
• PM4Sand (2D or 3D) is a stress-ratio controlled, critical state-based, bounding surface plasticity model for sand (and other purely non-plastic granular soils) that has been implemented as a user-defined dynamic link library for use with the programs FLAC2D and FLAC3D by ITASCA.
• The model was developed and implemented to approximate stress-strain responses of specific importance to geotechnical earthquake engineering and liquefaction problems.
• A companion model, PM4Silt is not currently available in 3D, but is available in 2D (homepage).

Keywords

• effective stress
• liquefaction
• plastic
• pore pressure
• seismic loading
• 3D

References

Kippen, M.-P., Boulanger, R. W., and Ziotopoulou, K. (2026). “PM4Sand3D (Version 1): A sand plasticity model for earthquake engineering applications.” Report No. UCD/CGM-26/01, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, May, 144pp. (Kippen_Boulanger_Ziotopoulou_PM4Sand3D_v1.0_CGM-26-01.pdf)